D2.1 - Report on site density and turn over frequency of selected benchmark catalysts - PDF

TOF and SD are two key descriptors in evaluating the single-site M-N-C catalysts for their ECO2R performance. In this WP, we improved the TOF and SD in our studied M-N-C candidates and deconvoluted their catalytic impacts.

D2.2 - Report on DFT prediction of selected benchmark catalysts - PDF

This deliverable reports on density functional theory (DFT) predictions of the activity and stability of single atom metal catalysts supported on nitrogen-doped graphene for CO₂ reduction to CO. We find several candidates beyond Fe- and Ni- single site catalysts with promising activity. These efforts are part of the objective for SELECTCO2 to design electrolyzers with with 90% selectivity for CO2R to CO at high current densities. Promising candidates will be tested by the Strasser group at TU Berlin (WP2 leader).

D2.3 - Report on promising M-N-C catalyst activity showing progress toward WP targets - PDF
This deliverable reports the progress in electrochemical CO₂-to-CO conversion in the project-modified MEA cell, using the metal-nitrogen doped carbon (M-N-C) as the catalyst. By adjusting the operation condition, the performance reaches over 90% faradaic CO efficiency at 400 mA cm^-2, showing progress to WP target.

D2.4 - Final report on WP achievements in terms of activity of new catalysts

D3.1 Report on Co-catalyst approach towards ethanol production - PDF

Sluggish kinetics related to C-C coupling products limit the effectiveness of electrochemical CO₂ reduction to ethanol over Cu catalysts. The preparation of tandem catalysts by the deposition of two independent and adjacent layers on gas diffusion electrodes can enhance the reaction kinetics by increasing the local CO concentration. A series of Cu/Ag and Cu/Au electrodes were prepared, varying the composition through the deposition of a CO-selective layer on top of the Cu using both thin films and nanoparticles. This approach allows the Ag or Au to efficiently produce CO that can further diffuse, couple, and reduce to form ethanol and other C2 or C3 products. The ethanol faradaic efficiency increased from 11% to 17% at 150 mA/cm², when switching from a pure copper catalyst to a layered catalyst consisting of 60% Cu and 40% Ag. More broadly the faradaic efficiency of all C2+ products reached a maximum value of 67% with this catalyst.

D3.2 - Report on Sniffer Chip discoveries relating to ethanol/ethylene branching mechanism - PDF
Ethanol/ethylene bifurcation in electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECO2R) on Cu has been a challenging project due to its low selectivity towards C2 products. Recent studies have found that Au sites in CuAu tandem catalysts could create a high local CO concentration at the vicinity of the Cu sites, where C-C coupling happens subsequently. However, the interaction been Cu and Au still remains obscure. In this report, we examined the electrochemical CO₂/CO reduction activities on Cu and Au separately in order to provide preliminary possibilities for future studies on the Cu-Au interplay. Taking advantage of the highly sensitive EC-MS setup with its Sniffer Chip technology, early onset of C2 products was observed on both Cu and Au electrodes. Selective ionization was applied to ECO2R on Au to extract the contribution of CO₂ fragmentation from the “real” CO in m/z 28 signals. Electrocatalysis on roughened surfaces revealed a remarkably promoted CO production while a significantly suppressed HER, which is distinct from previous findings. It was preliminarily explained as a combined influence from the local pH and electric field. Surface roughness and overpotential may also have an impact on the reaction mechanism, which will be further investigated in the future. Dissociation of Ar-saturated KHCO₃ under ECO2R conditions provided direct evidence on the internally produced CO2, which was reduced to CO subsequently, even in the absence of an external CO₂ supply. The obtained results provide insightful information on the potential interplay between CuAu in tandem catalysis, as well as the electrode-electrolyte interactions on the ECO2R/ECOR reaction mechanism. However, The current results are mostly based on qualitative evaluation. More deliberated quantitative analysis will be the main focus in the future. A detailed future plan was stated in Section 4.

D3.3 - Report on recycle and temperature effects on ECO2R - PDF
This report demonstrates performance variations due to using a recycle loop in CO₂ electrolysis. To allow for the focus to remain on the recycling, an Ag catalyst was used that primarily produced CO. The recycling loop approach showed that it was possible to use this technique to achieve relatively high CO₂ conversions (>70%) while still maintaining high selectivity to CO. As part of this work, we also investigate temperature effects from room temperature to 80 °C. The general trend discovered is that at higher temperatures, selectivity towards H₂ decreases, and the CO selectivity in relation to other CO2R products increases.

D3.4 - Report on synchrotron measurements discoveries relating to ethanol/ethylene branching mechanism
Electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECO2R) converts greenhouse gas CO₂ into valuable fuels and chemicals, and thus helps with closing the anthropogenic carbon cycle. Currently, Cu is the only known material being capable of producing a variety of hydrocarbons and alcohols, while the poor selectivity limits its further use. Ethanol has a high energy density (26.8 MJ/kg) and is a widely used intermediate in chemical synthesis, while its faradaic efficiency is usually lower compared to ethylene in ECO2R, which is believed to undergo a competing pathway compared to ethanol production. It has been found that introducing Ag atoms into Cu lattice could shift the product distribution toward ethanol compared to ethylene. However, the synergistic interaction between Cu and Ag in this process is yet-to-be-fully-understood. In this report, we investigated the structural and electronic activity at the Cu/Ag interface and how they can contribute to promote the improved ethanol selectivity. CuAg bimetallic catalysts were fabricated by magnetron sputtering. Electrochemical CO₂ reduction (CO2ER) performance was examined in the H-cell. Cu/Ag composition that gives the most favourable product distribution was then used for operando XAS measurement. Results found that incorporation of Ag in Cu caused a compressive strain in Cu lattice and therefore reduced its oxophilicity, leading to a weakened binding energy of intermediates with a carbonyl group and eventually facilitates acetaldehyde production as the expense of ethanol. XANES spectra in Cu K-edge and Ag L-edge confirmed an electronic interaction between Cu and Ag. The obtained results helps further understand the branching point between ethanol (or acetaldehyde) and C₂H₄, and therefore direct new catalyst design to realize a higher selectivity towards ethanol.

D3.5 - Final report on WP achievements in terms of ECO2R selectivity to ethanol/acetaldehyde at high current density

D4.1 - Report on the impact of reaction intermediates on ECO2R selectivity towards ethylene - PDF

Electrochemical CO₂ reduction (ECO2R) on a copper catalyst leads to a wide product composition of various value-added chemicals such as CO, ethanol, and ethylene. A number of additional minor products have been reported, namely acetate, acetaldehyde, formate and glyoxal. These compounds are typically measured in only minor amounts of ~1% each. However, these compounds play an important role as reaction intermediates to some of the major product pathways that we would like to manipulate to steer product selectivity. This deliverable investigates the effects of these reaction intermediates on the experimental selectivity of ethylene, the targeted product for WP4.
Specifically, the controlled addition of reaction intermediates into an operational ECO2R system is performed for a number of crucial intermediates, and the resulting change in product selectivity measured. We find that the direct reduction of acetaldehyde and glyoxal in even minor concentrations at elevated current densities will shift electrons away from the target product ethylene. Measured ethanol and acetaldehyde concentrations indicate that this is also occurring during ECO2R without additives.
The conclusions from these results provide strategies to increase the selectivity of ethylene formation via glyoxal and acetaldehyde scavengers, which remove the intermediates prior to their subsequent reduction to alcohols. If successful, such a strategy may shift ~10% of electrons from the alcohol to hydrocarbon pathways.

D4.2 - Report on in-situ observations of catalyst structure and localized activity using electrochemical AFM system - PDF
The Cu catalyst undergoes dynamic structural changes during the electrochemical CO2 reduction (ECO2R), and such structural change could profoundly impact the cathode activity and long‐term stability. Recent operando studies focus on a planar electrode immersed in the electrolyte with limited current densities < 10 mA cm‐2, but the findings are challenging to understand the catalyst behavior in a gas‐diffusion electrode that can operate at above 100 mA cm‐2. This deliverable investigates the structural evolution of the Cu catalyst in a configuration of GDE during ECO2R catalysis at current densities up to 200 mA cm‐2 by using the operando electrochemical atomic force microscope (EC‐AFM). We find that the Cu catalyst restructuring takes place via (1) an increase of surface roughness likely due to the electroreduction of nature oxidized Cu species at the surface and (2) surface flattening and formation of nanocuboids Cu (100) facets, particularly at high current densities beyond 100 mA cm‐2. Both processes contribute to the promotion of ethylene production but a different extent. We believe the catalyst surface restructuring is not the dominant factor determining the cathode performance at high current density. The conclusion from these results suggests new directions for the design of the Cu catalyst structure of the GDE to further improve the ECO2R reactivity and stability.

D4.3 - Report on modifying catalyst layer thickness, morphology, surface structure for high efficiency ethylene production and suppression of competing reactions - PDF
This deliverable reports aims to explore the potential of catalyst layer manipulations to promote evenly-distributed CO₂ electrochemical reduction, which in turn optimizes multi-carbon product formation. Copper (Cu) is the only catalyst to produce noticeable amount of multicarbon products such as ethylene and ethanol, but is extremely sensitive to the local reaction environment and overpotentials. By positioning the catalyst layer at the liquid-gas interface, the gas-diffusion electrodes can achieve industrially relevant current densities. Consequently, through-plane and in-plane local variations in local pH, local CO₂, catalyst availability, and electric field are then also important to control. In this report, we studied the roles of these local variations by changing the catalyst thicknesses and current collection for the gas-diffusion electrodes and evaluating their performance in a liquid flow cell operating at high current densities up to 300 mA cm^-2. We identified that a moderate Cu thickness is highly desired to promote multicarbons because it can balance the transport of water, ions, and CO₂ within the catalyst structure to achieve an optimal local pH, and sufficient catalyst, water and CO₂ local availability. We also highlight the importance to homogenize the current distribution in-plane for to minimize energy loss and ensure a more negative cathode potential across the electrode in plane to drive CO2 electrochemical reduction for C²⁺ products. This report is complementary to our D4.2 report by providing in-depth insights for the design of 3D-structured catalyst layer for industrially applicable gas-diffusion electrodes. The experimental results will also contribute to the data input and model validation for WP7.

D4.4 - Report on applying mass transport findings and new gas-diffusion electrodes for reducing H2 and C1 production
This deliverable report aims to apply mass transport findings and new gas-diffusion electrodes to promote the production of ethylene and reduce side products such as hydrogen and C1 products. In this report, we compared the performance of new GDEs with varied catalyst particle sizes, ionomers, and conductive backing layers in producing C₂H₄ and suppressing hydrogen and C1 gas products at current densities up to 800 mA cm^-2 with different supporting catholyte. Our results identified that the use of Cu nanoparticles, MPIP ionomers, and Ag backing layer could synergistically improve the C₂H₄ Faradaic efficiency in the KOH supporting electrolyte. Such improvement can be ascribed to the optimized transport of gas, OH- ions, and electrons within the electrode structure. This report also provides new insights on the importance of enhancing the hydrophobicity of ionomer and conductive backing layer and pairing ionomer and supporting electrolyte for the development of future industrially applicable gas-diffusion electrodes for C₂H₄ production at high rates.

D4.5 - Final Report on WP achievements in terms of ECO2R selectivity to ethylene at high current density - PDF
This deliverable report describes the final ethylene performance achieved by combining the knowledge learnt in the previous deliverable reports. Specifically, each of the previous deliverables explored different experimental avenues for separately suppressing competing reactions. These include the use of additives to target the reduction of ethanol/acetate, optimizing catalyst layer thickness to minimize H2 and CO, and varying the gas-diffusion layer composition to ensure optimal mass transport, conduction, and elevated current densities. The final ethylene selectivity was unable to meet the MS6 and MS7 targets of 75% and 90% Faradaic efficiency towards ethylene. However, using the experimental knowledge gained from the previous deliverable we were able to operate at substantially larger partial current densities for ethylene, and combined ethylene + ethanol Faradaic efficiencies as compared to the start of the project. Thus, we can provide a conclusive outlook and direction for the field as it related to optimizing C2+ selectivity on simple copper catalysts.

D5.1 - Benchmarking gas diffusion layers delivered to TUB, DTU, TUD - PDF
The use of Gas Diffusion Electrodes (GDEs) has been identified as a key tool to obtain an efficient CO2 electrochemical conversion to valuable chemicals. Work Package 5 will focus on obtaining an optimized GDE, which pass through the development of an optimized Gas Diffusion Layer (GDL, i.e. GDE without the catalytic layer) in order to achieve the performance targets.
Such development phase begins with the evaluation of the currently commercially available GDLs, in order to setting the basis and have a reference benchmark to start from. For this reason, commercial DeNora GDL for Fuel Cells (code DN908) was shipped to DTU, TUB, TUD and EPFL. The first three universities will deposit a reactive layer with benchmarking catalysts and test the commercial GDL performances, while EPFL will perform structural studies (3D Tomography) to evaluate the GDL features and support the mass transport model development.

D5.2 - Report on benchmark results of GDE from CO2 to carbon monoxide, ethanol and ethylene - CONFIDENTIAL

The deliverable describes the digitalization approach of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The adopted strategy consists of using computed tomography techniques of different resolutions and subsequent segmentation techniques, followed by the characterization and quantification of structural properties (porosity, surface area, homogeneity, anisotropy, pore and fibre size distributions). These structural details can then be used to guide optimization of the GDL and GDE for enhanced transport and, ultimately, enhanced device performance. Furthermore, this digitalization and characterization activity feeds into the pore-level simulations performed in WP7, and this interface is also described.

D5.3 - Report on approaches for optimization of GDL porous structure from digitalized GDE - CONFIDENTIAL
The deliverable describes the digitalization approach of the gas diffusion layer (GDL) and gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The adopted strategy consists of using computed tomography techniques of different resolutions and subsequent segmentation techniques, followed by the characterization and quantification of structural properties (porosity, surface area, homogeneity, anisotropy, pore and fibre size distributions). These structural details can then be used to guide optimization of the GDL and GDE for enhanced transport and, ultimately, enhanced device performance. Furthermore, this digitalization and characterization activity feeds into the pore-level simulations performed in WP7, and this interface is also described.

D5.4 - Supply 3 types of GDE with electrocatalysts selective for CO, ethylene and ethanol - CONFIDENTIAL
For Deliverable 5.4, GDEs were manufactured at De Nora and shipped to partners (TUB, TUD and DTU) to be tested in cells. A particular focus of the work has been the catalyst layer, which represents a critical part of the GDE, dramatically affecting both its performance and its stability during operation. Exploiting De Nora know-hows on catalyst layer manufacturing, different types of GDE, with catalysts selected for the different processes were provided. Preliminary data on performances showed good results for CO₂ to CO process, while some further development is still required for CO₂ to ethylene and CO₂ to ethanol processes.

D5.5 - Report on performances obtained from single cell testing of CO2 reduction with optimized GDE - PDF
For Deliverable 5.5, GDEs were manufactured at De Nora and shipped to partners (TUB, TUD and DTU) to be tested in single cells. These electrodes have been developed and optimized in order to avoid the flooding of the GDEs and to ensure excellent performances. The focus of the work has been the structure of the catalyst layer, which represents a critical part of the GDE. Exploiting De Nora know-hows on catalyst layer manufacturing, different types of GDE, with catalysts selected for the different processes were provided. Preliminary data on performances showed good results for CO₂ to CO process, while some further development is still required for CO₂ to ethylene and CO₂ to ethanol processes.

D6.1 - Supply initial AEMs to DTU team for CO2 crossover screening. (2 sheets: 25 cm x 25 cm of each type) - CONFIDENTIAL

The aim of this deliverable was to supply initial batches of anion-exchange membranes (AEM) to the DTU-EX team to allow them to evaluate in small sized carbon dioxide electro-reduction (CO2ER) cells. The purpose of this is to allow a down-selection of thickness and head-group chemistry to reduce the number of variables that need to be considered when SURREY is developing the next generation of RG-AEMs (tailored specifically for CO2ER). Six different batches of RG-AEM were sent to DTU-EX. The deliverable report contains key characterisation data and initial life cycle analyses-relevant data for the RG-AEMs supplied.

D6.2 - Supply (2 g of each type) AEIs to TUB, DTU, and TUD for investigations into how different head-group chemistries affect the catalysis of the different CO₂ reduction pathways. - CONFIDENTIAL

The aim of this deliverable (WP6, D6.2) was to supply initial batches of (current generation) radiation-grafted anion-exchange ionomer (RG-AEI) to the DTU-EX, TUD, and TUB teams to allow them to evaluate how useful these ionomer powders will be in carbon dioxide electro-reduction (CO2ER) cells. This report contains key characterisation data and initial life cycle analyses-relevant data for the RG-AEIs supplied.

D6.3 - Supply of next RG-AEM  - CONFIDENTIAL
Deliverable 6.1 and 6.2 focused on the initial supply of radiation-grafted anion-exchange membranes (RG-AEM) and ionomer powders (RG-AEI) to partners. These were used to down-select substrate polymer films head-group chemistries. Using this knowledge, a selection of more novel RG-AEMs have been supplied to DTU-EX for evaluation in CO2RR cells to help further elucidate what new materials characteristics are most promising for CO2RR application.

D6.4 - Supply of large batches of finalized (fully characterized) AEM (Minimum of 10 sheets: 25 cm x 25 cm) and AEIs (Minimum of 10 g batch) to project partners who require them.

D6.5 - Report on benchmarking of initial AEM’s - PDF
This deliverable demonstrates the effectiveness of US current-generation anion exchange membranes (AEM) with the following head groups (supplied in D6.1): trimethylamine (TMA), N-methylpyrrolidine (MPY), and (3) N-methylpiperidine (MPIP) in relation to a benchmark commercial Sustainion membrane. We tested for CO₂ electrolysis to CO using a standard Ag catalyst to allow the focus to be on the membranes. We tested for CO selectivity versus hydrogen, operating potential, ohmic resistance and CO₂ crossover in the membrane across a range of current densities 50-300 mA/cm2. We tested AEMS made from 25 µm and 50 µm thickness ETFE with only the 25 µm variants being effective. We also did long term studies of 24 hours and 200 hours. The end conclusion is that the US synthesized membranes are very competitive with the commercial Sustainion membranes with the MPIP membrane showing the most promise.

D6.6 - Report on optimized AEM’s and AEI’s - PDF
This Deliverable demonstrates the effectiveness of the optimized US-synthesized anion exchange membranes (AEMs) and anion exchange ionomers (AEIs) with the following head groups: trimethylamine (TMA), N-methylpyrrolidine (MPY), and (3) N-methylpiperidine (MPIP). We conducted experiments using optimized anion exchanges membranes (based on the results of D6.3 and 6.5) with varying fundamental properties (IEC) and operational conditions (experiments at elevated temperatures). Additionally, we tested different CEIs and AEIs (including ionomer units used in AEM synthesis), coating them in single atom- or Cu-GDEs to quantify their effects on gas transport, product distribution, and stability during the performance at high current densities.

D7.1 - Library of digitalized porous electrodes - CONFIDENTIAL

The deliverable presents the methodology used for the digitalization of gas diffusion electrodes (and specifically the catalyst layers) and their quantitative structural characterization. It represents an (extendable) digital electrode library and specifically presents the three characteristic electrodes from the three partners involved in the catalyst design (TUD, TUB and DTU).

D7.2 - Developed pore-level transport model - PDF
The deliverable reports on the development of pore-level models for mass transport that provide better representation of the phenomena involved at this scale. The pore-level model has been developed and initially applied in a well-defined silver electrode porous structure (namely a silver reverse opal structure made of overlapping spheres of known radius). This method allows to restrict the study to a small size representative domain due to the high degree of symmetry in the plane of the electrode. Using the bulk concentration and the potential dependence of the current at both ends of the model, the diffusion-reaction (bulk and electrode) model is solved for. This model provides space-dependent concentration and as a consequence a space dependent current density for CO production and the competing H₂ production. This first version of the model has been validated with a set of experimental data. Further extension of this model are presented. They account for migration effects on charged species in the double layer region where the electric field is important. The adsorption-desorption transport phenomena of carbon monoxide product are also considered in a subsequent extension and its effect on the catalytic rate is also accounted for. Furthermore, a tomography-based method to quantify the effective transport in the complex porous structure of the GDL and the catalyst layer is introduced.

D7.3 - Developed device model
The utilization of gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) helps, thanks to their large specific surface area, to overcome mass transport limitations in CO₂ electroreduction devices. However, there is no detailed understanding of the transport in a GDE of how the choice of operational parameters (e.g. potential, pressure), materials (e.g. nature of the catalyst, porosity), and design (e.g. layer thickness, reactant supply configuration) affect the performance. We present the development of a comprehensive multi-physics model that will aid in the understanding of the coupled transport phenomena and provide design guidelines for optimized performance and selectivity. We develop a homogenized continuum model that accounts for the three phases present in the device: gas phase for the delivery and evacuation of reactant and products, liquid (or membrane) phase for the transport of charged species and support the electrochemical reaction, and solid phase for the transport of electrons. The results demonstrate the influence of operation parameters on CO₂ concentration and local current density, which provides guidance on how to modify the operational conditions to obtain large production rates, large conversions, and high selectivity.

D7.4 - Device model validation report

D7.5 - Parametrization of implicit solvent models against AIMD - PDF

This deliverable reports on density functional theory (DFT) based analysis on the mechanism of CO(2) reduction towards ethylene and ethanol. Both a thermodynamic assessment and a kinetic analysis have been performed. We identified the rate limiting step shared by the products as the dimerization of two *CO molecules and its reaction to the applied potential. We propose the selectivity determining steps between ethylene and ethanol as the competition between two protonation reactions of HCCO*. This result is consistent with the dependence of ethylene vs. oxygenated products on potential observed in existing experimental studies. For further validation of the computed mechanism, experimental studies on the basis of kinetic isotope effects are planned in collaboration with WP3.

D7.6 - Pathways towards CO, ethylene, ethanol on Cu facets
This deliverable summarizes the theoretical investigations on the influence of the electrolyte environment on the activity and selectivity of electrochemical CO(₂) reduction. The main focus was set on the effect of the electrolyte pH, anions and mass transport on the selectivity. Initially, a general framework for pH and buffer anion dependence in electrochemical reductions was developed. Based on this framework, the mechanism towards C²⁺ products, was compared with methane production. For the latter the effect both a variation in the pH and buffer anions was assessed in detail. Further, the variation of selectivities within C²⁺ products was studied, with an emphasis on acetate’s unintuitive enhancement with pH, catalyst morphology and mass transport properties. The deliverable shows that for high C²⁺ product selectivity the pH should be alkaline and no buffer should be used. Both the mass transport properties and variations in the alkaline pH can be used to steer the selectivity within the C²⁺-products.

D7.7 - Determination of the impact of reaction conditions on ECR activity and selectivity towards high value products

D7.8 - Combining atom-, meso-, and device-scale models

D8.1 - Integrated analysis of the new technologies based on sustainability pillars and circularity analysis – baseline LCA/LCC/S-LCA

The present report summarizes the results of Deliverable 8.1 aimed at assessing: i) the environmental, ii) economic, iii) social and iv) sustainability performance of the CO2 reactor manufactured and used for producing CO, ethanol and ethylene.

D8.2 - Conclusions on circularity potential of SELECTCO2 solution - CONFIDENTIAL
This report summarizes the findings of Deliverable 8.2, which focused on the assessment of the environmental, economic, social sustainability performance of the CO₂ reactor utilized to produce carbon monoxide, ethanol, and ethylene via electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide. The results of the updated sustainability assessment of the three SELECTCO2 products produced by the CO₂ reactor shows that the ethylene production entails the highest Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment impacts ,while the lowest score is referred to the production of CO. This is mainly due to the lower consumption of the utilities for CO production (electricity and water) during the use phase considering the same amount of functional unit produced (1 ton of product) than the ethylene and EtOH production. Moreover, it is worth considering that environmental impacts obtained by the scenarios involving the use of only renewable sources for the use phase present significantly better environmental performance than the ones where the European grid mix is used. The outcomes of the sustainability assessment show that there is a further potential for enhancing sustainability performance for all three products, especially from an economic perspective, particularly by transitioning from laboratory to higher scales, i.e. by targeting improvements and optimisation of resource efficiency and selectivity of the overall systems based on electrochemical reduction of CO₂.

D8.3 - Market analysis and opportunities for SELECTCO2 technology - PDF
The goal of this report is to provide an evaluation of the most promising scenarios for SELECTCO2’s technologies. To do so the analysis starts with an overview of the European chemical sector in general terms, in order to expose the broader picture of the market in which the products of SELECTCO2 will be insert. Afterwards the report exposes each final product of SELECTCO2: Carbon monoxide, ethylene, and ethanol. These paragraphs focus on the market analysis of these chemicals providing an exhaustive description about their usage in the different industrial sectors across Europe. The costumer analysis describes the trends of products’ demand and the main drivers of the main end-sectors where SELECTCO2 may find application. The competitor analysis instead lists the most important producers of each chemical and it also provides a specific focus on their sites with the most recent data available. The last chapter explains the most promising scenario for the chemicals relying on the data provided before and adding few statements based on the previsions for the incoming years.

D8.4 - SELECTCO2 benchmarking analysis with other CO₂ valorization techniques

D8.5 - Business models for the promotion of SELECT CO2 technology - CONFIDENTIAL
The report refers to Deliverable 8.5 of SELECTCO2 project financed by Horizon2020. In particular, the document highlights the economic feasibility of the SELECTCO2 concepts and technologies through a Cost and benefit analysis which accounts for both revenues and costs considering, also, the possible revenues from EU Emission Trading System (ETS). Moreover, the report studies the possible business models derivable from the project. D.5.5 – Report on performances obtained from single cell testing of CO₂ reduction with optimized GDE For Deliverable 5.5, GDEs were manufactured at De Nora and shipped to partners (TUB, TUD and DTU) to be tested in single cells. These electrodes have been developed and optimized in order to avoid the flooding of the GDEs and to ensure excellent performances. The focus of the work has been the structure of the catalyst layer, which represents a critical part of the GDE. Exploiting De Nora know-hows on catalyst layer manufacturing, different types of GDE, with catalysts selected for the different processes were provided. Preliminary data on performances showed good results for CO₂ to CO process, while some further development is still required for CO₂ to ethylene and CO₂ to ethanol processes.

The communication of the project will be unified along a common visual entity. A coherent visual chart (colours, fonts, designs) will be derived from the project logo and provided in several shapes and formats (document templates etc.). This visual identity will be used extensively throughout the project, creating a distinguishable brand that will be recognized by the various communities.

The SELECTCO2 project website is designed to fulfil project communication and dissemination needs for the benefit of the whole scientific community and the public through relevant information including: project overall objectives, partner & work packages information ; project activities: news, meetings ; project progress: technical publications, conference presentations, public domain reports ; project resources: links, related events … ; project contact information All the partners will collectively participate in the dissemination objective of the website by providing up-to-date information

D9.3 - Dissemination and knowledge management protocol - CONFIDENTIAL

This report presents the dissemination protocol for the SELECTCO2 project, the procedure for “Open Access” to peer reviewed research articles, internal rules, information on support from the EU members and the strategy for Knowledge Management within the project.

D9.4 - Organization of a SELECTCO2 dedicated symposium - PDF

The consortium (K. Chan - DTU, S. Haussener - EPFL, B. Seger - DTU) organized a dedicated SELECTCO2 symposium (#SOLCAT21: (Photo-)Electrocatalysis: from the atomistic to system scale) at the 2021 NanoGe fall meeting with the aim to i) foster interaction with related ongoing projects at the European level, which address similar targets, and ii) encourage future collaboration and promote exploitation opportunities. This symposium invited contributions on the state of the field in electrochemical reduction of CO₂ and beyond, from the atomistic to the device and industrial scale. Symposium topics spanned fundamental mechanistic studies, catalyst design, operando studies, membranes and ionomers, gas diffusion electrodes, membrane electrode assemblies, flow reactors, device engineering, modelling spanning all relevant length scales, relevant experimental and theoretical methods development, and techno-economic analysis. The conference included talks by 12 invited experts, 17 contributed talks, and a poster session. This event gave visibility to the project results, allowed for knowledge transfer outside the Consortium, encouraged future collaboration and favored exploitation opportunities.

D9.5 - Stakeholders Engagement Meeting - PDF

This deliverable reports on the SELECTCO2 Stakeholder Engagement Meeting held March 14th and 15th 2022 in Delft, Netherlands. The event was attended by SELECTCO2 members, as well as our Advisory Boards, members of the TU Delft e-Refinery Institute, external academic members, and participant from industry. The SEM was originally scheduled to be held January 24th and 25th in Delft, but was postponed due to the high case numbers of the Covid-19 Omicron variant that resulted in a locked down.

D9.6 - Survey of dissemination activities and final plan for dissemination and exploitation of project results